Veredum · Insights
Insights
We publish when we have something to say and can say it precisely. No press round-ups, no copied legislation: what changes, who it changes it for, and what to do about it.
How much does a shareholders' agreement cost? What you pay for and what you save
The question almost always comes up in the first call, and it is a fair one. The honest answer is not a figure, but knowing what drives it, what you are paying for and what it costs not to have one on the day you need it.
Richard Edo · 6 min read
Dual listing: trading in New York without moving the share register out of Spain
Royal Decree 813/2026 devotes a single paragraph to dual listing, but it is the one that was missing. It explains how part of an issue traded outside the EU fits into the Spanish register. We set it out here with a diagram and, for those who want the detail, in a downloadable analysis.
Richard Edo · 8 min read
EU Inc.: the European company for startups, seen from the investor's side
Brussels wants a startup to be able to incorporate in 48 hours, under the same rules in all twenty-seven countries, and to sell shares without a notary. It is still a proposal, and the European Parliament is voting on it these days. It is worth reading through the eyes of whoever puts in the money.
María del Carmen Rodríguez Dacosta · 8 min read
Spanish listed companies: fewer CNMV filings during a takeover bid and on treasury shares, and a route to list abroad without moving the register
Besides reforming anti-money laundering rules, Royal Decree 813/2026 relieves listed companies and their shareholders of several CNMV filings dating back to 2007. From 28 October, some disappear and others are only triggered at higher thresholds.
Richard Edo · 7 min read
Anti-money laundering in Spain: what changes on 28 October with Royal Decree 813/2026
If you run a small accountancy, law firm or estate agency in Spain, this reform affects you even if you have never had to deal with SEPBLAC. Here is what changes, for whom and by when.
Richard Edo · 11 min read
The EU Company Certificate and the digital power of attorney: what changes for businesses operating across borders
Proving today in Germany or Italy that your company exists, and who may sign for it, takes registry extracts, apostilles and sworn translations. An EU directive already adopted aims to replace all that with a single electronic document. Here is what it brings, and when.
Richard Edo · 7 min read
Negotiate before you sue: the requirement that now governs every commercial claim in Spain
Since April 2025, a civil or commercial claim is not admitted in Spain unless an attempt to settle has been made first. Used well, the requirement is a tactical advantage; used badly, it costs months and can cost you the legal costs.
Richard Edo · 8 min read
Participating loans: financing the company without giving up equity, seen from the law and from the investor
Between selling part of the company and borrowing from the bank there is a third route that many founders do not know and many investors do. It has real advantages, its own legal regime and case law worth knowing before you sign.
Richard Edo and María del Carmen Rodríguez Dacosta · 10 min read
Setting up a Spanish limited company with partners: what to decide before the notary
The deed is signed in a morning. What is decided before signing it, or left undecided, stays with the company for years and surfaces on exactly the day the partners stop agreeing.
Richard Edo · 7 min read
Due diligence: what an investor checks before putting money into a company
Whoever buys a company or takes a stake in it also buys everything it did before they arrived. Due diligence is how you find out before paying, and how you turn what you find into price, warranties or conditions.
María del Carmen Rodríguez Dacosta · 8 min read
Founder vesting: how it works in a Spanish limited company
Three founders split the capital into three equal parts. Eight months later one leaves and keeps a third. Vesting exists to prevent that, but in Spain it does not work like the American templates circulating online.
Richard Edo · 7 min read
50/50 shareholders: how to avoid deadlock, and how to get out of it once it arrives
Splitting a company in equal halves seems fairest on signing day. On the day the two partners disagree, it means nobody can decide anything.
Richard Edo · 7 min read
How to remove a shareholder from a Spanish SL, and when you simply cannot
It is the question we are asked most often on a first call. The short answer is that Spanish law protects the shareholder far more than people expect, and that what the caller actually wants is usually something else.
Richard Edo · 8 min read
Director liability for company debts in Spain: the four doors
A Spanish limited company limits the shareholder's liability, not the director's. These are the four routes by which a creditor reaches the personal assets of whoever signs, and what can be done before they do.
Richard Edo · 8 min read
The minority shareholder rights almost nobody exercises
Owning 20 % of a company and feeling like a guest in your own house is more common than it sounds. Spanish law gives the minority seven concrete tools, and most of them lapse for want of using them in time.
Richard Edo · 7 min read
What your company is worth, and why the buyer will say otherwise
Almost nobody sells their company for what they expected. Not because they are cheated, but because the seller values a business and the buyer values a risk. This is the arithmetic between the two figures.
María del Carmen Rodríguez Dacosta · 7 min read
The four clauses in a shareholders' agreement that decide who is in charge on the day of the disagreement
A shareholders' agreement is not measured by how well it works while everyone gets along. These are the four clauses that, when that changes, actually decide the outcome.
Richard Edo · 6 min read
Before you raise capital: the six numbers an investor looks at first
Whoever is going to put up the money does not start with your deck. They start with six figures, and almost always in this order.
María del Carmen Rodríguez Dacosta · 5 min read
Mandatory B2B e-invoicing: what Spanish Law 18/2022 requires and how to be ready in time
The obligation to invoice electronically between businesses and professionals is not a technology recommendation: it is a legal duty with a timetable and with penalties.
Richard Edo · 5 min read
The EU AI Act binds your company even if you do not build artificial intelligence
The most widespread misunderstanding about Regulation (EU) 2024/1689 is the belief that it only affects those who build the technology. Above all, it affects those who use it.
Richard Edo · 6 min read
MiCA and crypto-assets: what changes for those investing or holding custody in Spain
The European regulation on markets in crypto-assets has brought order to a market that spent a decade without rules of its own. It is worth knowing what it covers and, above all, what it leaves out.
María del Carmen Rodríguez Dacosta · 5 min read
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